Response of Phenological Development Stages, Grain Yield and Yield Components of Bread Wheat Cultivars with Different Growth Habits to Delayed Planting

Author

Abstract

To study adaptation of different wheat types to delayed planting, an experiment was conducted in split plot layout with RCBD and three replications at SPII, Karaj during 2005-2007 cropping seasons. Planting dates (12 Oct., 11 Nov. and 11 Dec.) and wheat cultivars (Pishtaz and Falat as spring, Toos and Mahdavi as facultative, Soissons and MV-17 as winter cultivars) were in main plots and subplots respectively. Results showed that delayed planting from 12 October to 11 December decreased grain yield (from 7146 to 5665 kgha-1), biological yield (from 18560 to 13410 kgha-1), spike number per square meter (from 551 to 472) and grain number per spike (from 38 to 36.1). Delayed planting from 12 October to 11 December also decreased appeared leaf number at double ridge (6.0 vs. 4.2), vegetative (878 vs. 540 GDD), pre-anthesis reproductive (969 vs 883 GDD), grain filling (815 vs 662 GDD), planting to anthesis (1847 vs 1423), and planting to maturity (2662 vs 2085 GDD) stages. Based on thses results, effects of delayed planting on decrease of plant life cycle occurred via decreasing in all main developmental stages(esp. vegetative stage), but decreasing of vegetative period length in winter type was more than of facultative and spring types ( 400 vs 328 and 278 GDD, respectively) while effect of delayed planting on decrease of pre-anthesis reproductive period length in spring types was more than of facultative and winter types ( 148 vs. 90 and 19 GDD, respectively). Grain filling period in spring, facultative and winter types decreased 125, 173 and 161 GDD, respectively in delayed planting.

Keywords


Abbate, P. E., Andrade, F. H., and Culot, J. P. 1995. The effect of radiation and nitrogen on number of grains in wheat. Journal of Agricultural Science 124: 351-360.## Acevedo, E., Silva, P., and Silva, H. 2002. Wheat growth and physiology. pp:39-70. In: Curtis, B. C., Rajaram, S., and Gomez Macpherson, H. (eds.). Bread Wheat. Improvement and Production. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation, Rome, Italy. ## Baker, C. K., Gallagher J. N., and Monteith, J. L. 1980. Daylength and leaf appearance in winter wheat. Plant and Cell Environment 3: 285-287.## Cao, W., and Moss, D. N. 1991. Vernalization and phyllochron in winter wheat. Agronomy Journal 83: 178-179.## Curtis, B. C. 2002. Wheat in the World. pp:1-17, In: Curtis, B. C., Rajaram, S., and Gomez Macpherson, H. (eds.). Bread Wheat. Improvement and Production. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation, Rome, Italy.## Danks, S. M., Evans, E. H., and Whittaker, P. A. 1983. Photosynthetic Systems – Structure, Function and Assembly . Wiley, New York, USA. 174pp.## Emam, Y., and Niknejad, M. 1994. An Introduction to the Physiology of Crop Yield. Shiraz University Press. Shiraz, Iran. 571pp (in Persian).## Equiza, M. A., Mirave, J. P., and Tognetti, J. A. 1997. Differential inhibition of shoot vs. root growth at low temperature and its relationship with carbohydrate accumulation in different wheat cultivars. Annals of Botany 80: 657-663.## Ezatahmadi, M. 2011. Effect of planting date on yield and some phonological traits of bread wheat lines/cultivars. Proceedings of the 13th Iranian Crop Science Congress and 3rd Iranian Seed Science and Technology Conference, Karaj, Iran (in Persian).## Fischer, R. A. 1985a. Number of kernel in wheat crops and the influence of solar radiation and temperature. Journal of Agricultural Science 100: 447-461.## Fischer, R. A. 1985b. Physiological limitation to producing wheat in semitropical and tropical environments and possible selection criteria. pp: 209-230. In:Villareal, R. L., and Klatt, A. R. (eds.). Proceedings of International Symposium: Wheats for More Tropical Enviroments. Mexico, DF, CIMMYT, Mexico.## Gilmore, E. C., and Rogers, J. S. 1958. Heat units as a method of measuring maturity in corn. Agronomy Journal 50: 611-615.## Jafarnezhad, A. 2009. Determination of optimum sowing date for bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars with different flowering habits in Neishabour. Seed and Plant Production Journal 25-2(2): 117-135 (in Persian).## Jafarnezhad, A., and Sharif-al-hosseini, M. 2011. Response of spring wheat cultivars to different planting dates in Neishabour. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 8(6): 983-994 (in Persian).## Jalal Kamali, M. R., and Sharifi, H. R. 2010. Variation in developmental stages and its relationships with yield and yield components of bread wheat cultivars under field conditions: II- Yield and yield components. Seed and Plant Production Journal 26-2(1): 1-23 (in Persian).## Jalal Kamali, M. R., Sharifi, H. R., Khodarahmi, M., Jokar, R., Torkaman, H., and Ghavidel, N. 2007. Variation in developmental stages and its relationships with yield and yield components of bread wheat cultivars under field conditions: I- Phenology. Seed and Plant 23(4): 445-472 (in Persian).## Keisling, T. C. 1982. Calculation of length of day. Agronomy Journal 72: 758-759. ## Kirby, E. J. M. 1988. Analysis of leaf , stem, and ear growth in wheat from terminal spikelet stage to anthesis. Field Crops Research 18: 127-140.## Kirby, E. J. M., and Appleyard, M. 1987. Cereal Development Guide. Stoneleigh, Kenilworth, UK, NAC Cereal Unit. 85pp.## Kirby, E. J. M., Appleyard, M., and Fellows, G. 1982. Effect of sowing date on the temperature response of leaf emergence and leaf size in barley. Plant and Cell Environment 5: 477-484.## Kirby, E. J. M., Appleyard, M., and Fellows, G. 1985a. Effect of sowing date and variety on main shoot leaf emergence and number of leaves of barley and wheat. Agronomie 5(2): 117-126.## Kirby, E. J. M., Appleyard, M., and Fellows, G. 1985b. Variation in development of wheat and barley in respons to sowing date and variety. The Journal of Agricutural Science 104(2): 383-396.## Kirby, E. J. M., Spink, J. H., Frost, D. L., Sylvester-Bradley, R., Scott, R. K., Foulkes, M. J., Clare, R. W., and Evans, E. J. 1999. A study of wheat development in the field: analysis by phases. European Journal of Agronomy 11: 63-82.## Kringwi, F. M., van Ginkel, M., Terthwan, R., Sears, R.G., Rajaram, S., and Paulsen, G.M. 2004. Evaluation of selection strategies for wheat adaptation across water regimes. Euphytica 135: 361-371.## Ortiz-Ferrara, G., Mosaad, M. G., Mahalakshmi, V., and Rajaram, S. 1998. Photoperiod and vernalization response of Mediterranean wheats, and implications for Adaptation. Euphytica 100: 377-384.## Porter, J. R., and Gawith, M. 1999. Temperature and the growth and development of wheat: A review. Eurpean Journal of Agronomy 10: 23-36.## Rawson, H. M., Zajac, M., and Penros, L. D. J. 1995. Effect of seedling temperature and its duration on development of wheat cultivars differing in vernalization response. Field Crops Research 57: 289-300.## Richards, R. A. 1996. Increasing the yield potential of wheat: manipulating sources and sinks. pp. 134-149. In: Reynolds, M. P., Rajaram, S., and Mc. Nab, A. (eds.) Increasing Yield Potential in Wheat: Breaking the Barriers. Mexico, DF, CIMMYT, Mexico.## Sharifi, H. R., Kiani, M. R., and Ghorbani, A. 2011. Response of some bread wheat genotypes to vernalization. Seed and Plant Production Journal 27-2(2): 129-145 (in Persian).## Sharratt, B. S. 1991. Shoot growth, root length density, and water use of barley grown at different soil temperature. Agronomy Journal 83: 237-239.## Slafer, G. A., Andrade, F. H., and Satorre, E. H. 1990. Genetic-improvement effects on preanthesis physiological attributes related to wheat grain yield. Field Crops Research 23: 255-263.## Slafer, G. A., and Rawson, H. M. 1994. Sensitivity of wheat phasic development to major environmental factor: A re-examination of some assumptions made by phsiologists and modellers. Australian Journal of Plant Physiology 21: 393-426. ## Slafer, G. A., and Rawson, H. M. 1995. Photoperiod×temperature interactions in contrasting wheat genotypes: time to heading and final leaf number. Field Crops Research 44: 73-83.## Slafer, G. A., and Whitechurch, E. M. 2001. Manipulating wheat development to improve adaptation. In: Reynolds, M. P., Ortiz-Monasterio, J. I., and McNab, A. (eds.) Application of Physiology in Wheat Breeding. Mexico, D. F.: CIMMYT, Mexico.## Sojka, R. E., Stolzy, L. H., and Kaufmann, M. R. 1975. Wheat growth related to rhizospher temperature and oxygen levels. Agronomy Journal 67: 591-596.## Stapper, M., and Fischer, R. A. 1990. Genotype, sowing date and plant spacing influence on high-yielding irrigated wheat in southern New South Wales. I. Phasic development, canopy growth and spike production. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 41: 997-1019.## Stefany, P. 1993. Vernalization requirement and response to daylength in guiding development in wheat. Wheat Special Report No. 22, Mexico, DF, CIMMYT, Mexico. 37 pp.## Tollenaar, M. 1989. Response of dry matter accumulation in maize to temperature: I. Dry matter partitioning. Crop Science 29: 1239-1246.##